Can We Stop School Violence? Essay -- Mass School Shootings Essays

Violence in American checks is escalating faster than a hurrying bullet. Society demands that schools be safe for our children, yet recent events indicate we need to escalate our efforts to prevent violence in schools at the same time call violence in the larger community. Crises involving sudden violence in schools are traumatic in large measure because they are unexpected. The shrapnel from bullets fired on school grounds have a way of touching the lifes of many. In the wake of such a crisis, members of the school community are asked-and ask themselves-what could have been through to prevent it. Coordinated school efforts can help. But the solution does not just rest in the schools. Together we must develop solutions that are community-wide and coordinated, that hold schools, families, courts, law enforcement, community agencies, representatives of the faith community, business, and the broader community. Wilmer Cody, Kentucky Commissioner of Education (Dwyer et. al.) To make our schools safer, everyone can and must pitch in-- teachers, parents, students, policy makers, law enforcement officers, business managers, faith leaders, civic leaders, youth workers, and different concerned community residents. Everyone who cares about children cares about ending violence. It is time to break the silence that too often characterizes even the most well-meaning school communities. enquiry and expert-based information is available for school communities to use in developing and strengthening programs that can prevent crises. School safety is everyones job. Each of us can do something to help solve the problem. Its a problem we all must work together to solve. The Department of Education and the Department of Justice warns... ... Ph.D., Parachini A., Hernandez F., Ph.D., Cody M., Ph.D., Davis D. From Words to Weapons, the Violence skirt our Schools. American Civil Liberties Union of Southern California. 22 April 2001 <http//www.aclu-sc.org/school.html> Dwye r, K., Osher, D., and Warger, C. (1998). Early warning, timely response A draw off to safe schools. Washington, DC U.S. Department of Education. 22 April 2001 <http//www.cecp.air.org/guide/guidetext.htm> Kaufman P., Chen X., Choy S.P., Chandler K.A., Chapman C.D., Rand M.R., and Ringel C. NCES 99-251/NCJ-1 72215 1999 Annual Report on School Safety. Washington, DC 1998 U.S. Departments of Education and Justice. 21 April 2001 <http//www.ed.gov/offices/oese/sdfs/news.html> National Crime Prevention Council. Washington, DC Stopping School Violence. 20 April 2001 http//www.ncpc.org/2schvio.htm

Globalization Has A Negative Impact on Global Health Essay -- Outsourci

Globalization is the development of an increasingly integrated global economy marked especially by free trade, free flow of capital, and the tapping of cheaper opposed labor markets (www.merriam-webster.com, 2012). Globalisation has had both, positive and negative effects on health. This essay allow examine how globalisation has doed alcoholic beverage and tobacco trade around the domain and in doing so affected health, how globalization has enabled the global community to combat these issues and an estimation of alcohol and tobacco consumption in different countries. This essay will also contain statistics from the World Health Organization based on alcohol and tobacco to illustrate the impact of globalisation.AlcoholThe question as to when alcohol was invented is still unknown, but the discovery of late Stone Age beer jugs is proof that alcohol/fermented beverages was used in times of the Neolithic period. (Patrick, 1952). Researchers use the years amongst 6000-4000 BCE as a s tarting point when examining the memoir of alcohol because the evidence is very clear. During this time, viticulture, the process of making wines was invented and the evidence lies in Egyptian pictographs. A full of life moment in the history of wine was during 3000-2000 BCE when wine production and trade became a vital part of Mediterranean market and culture, ships carried enormous amounts of wine mingled with the cities. Over the years the production of wine increased and it was during 500 ACE when wine production reaches Tang China along the Silk road (www.lmu.edu, 2012). The above explains the history of wine trade. Today wine can be found all over the world, it is a global product and the production of wine will besides continue to grow. By looking at Figure 2 world wi... ... on the consumption of tobacco and smoking. There was great success by implanting this conformity for example Ireland in 2004 banned smoking in public places, in 2006, Iran banned all types of tobacc o advertising, in 2009, Turkey implemented a alike(p) smoking ban and there be many other success stories related to the implementation of this treaty (www.who.int, 2011)Conclusion As boundaries vanish because of globalisation, people and goods are allowed to move around the world easier which in doing so creates new challenges to global health. These cannot be combated by national governments alone but must be dealt with instead by international organizations and agreements. Globalisation has had a negative impact on health in terms of alcohol and cigarette trade but with the help of the global community, these problems can be successfully combated.

Distance Learning Essay -- Essays Papers

Distance Learning Many institutions of higher education are experimenting with changes having to do with class offerings. According to Keegan, It is non easy to define distance education. An early descriptive definition states that distance education learners are usually taught as individuals and not in groups (Rossman 8). Distance education can be design of as instructional delivery that does not constrain the student to be physically fork over in the same location as the instructor. Distance learning is a juvenilely emerging trend that many institutions are taking advantage of. At the present, this type of learning is primarily utilise for those people who cannot attend courses on a campus. Distance learning is just another sign pointing towards the emergence of a worldwide electronic university. Through these programs, institutions are creating truly global classrooms. In todays technologically advanced society, the term classroom has a new meaning. In distance learning , ones classroom could consist of a television classroom, a virtual classroom, a teleconference, a virtual reality classroom, and others. The handed-down classroom is being substituted for classrooms that accommodate each different distance-learning program. realistic classrooms take place on the computer and can be accessed anywhere. Teleconferences take place on the telephone. On-line courses are held anytime on-line, which makes it easier for the student taking the course. Another form of distance education is visual learning, which includes using video systems and broadcast television. Television broadcasts are used for one-way video and audio presentations. Radios and tapes can also allow the student to listen to lectures one way and audio-... ... to the educating of todays society. Distance learning is thought to be able to increase global unity, create an easier, less stressful way to receive a quality education, and overall create a great passion for learning(Rossman 138). Works Cited Hodgson, Vivien E, Sarah J. Mann, and Robin Snell. Beyond Distance Teaching-Towards Open Learning. PhiladelphiaOpen University Press, 1987. 1-181. Kennedy, Kristen. Intellectual Property in the Digital Age. Technology and Learning 22(2001)8 Porter, Lynette R. Creating the Virtual ClassroomDistance Learning with the Internet. New York John Wiley and Sons Inc.,1997.1-83 Rossman,Parker.The Emerging Worldwide Electronic UniversityInformation Age Global Higher Education.ConnecticutGreenwood Press, 1992.1-89. The Army Marches Into Online Learning. colour Issues in Higher Education 24(2001)17

William Few :: essays research papers

William someHe was born in Baltimore in 1748, but his story begins foresighted before his birth. It started when his becomes family immigrated to Pennsylvania in 1680s. His father on the nose so happened to move to Maryland, where he met his wife, married her, and settled in Baltimore where William was to be born. William had umpteen hard times and little schooling until he was ten, when his family moved to magnetic north Carolina. In 1771 William, his father, and his brother joined the regulators, frontiers men who fought against the British royal governor. Because of that his brother was hung and his fathers farm destroyed. The Fews were forced to move again, presently to Georgia. William stayed in North Carolina living by himself until 1776. When he got to Georgia he was trustworthy to the Bar and began to practice the law in Augusta. When the revolutionary war began Few sided with the Whig cause, which was the side of the war fighting for Americas freedom from British rul e. so far though Few had little schooling as a babe he proved leadership and won a lieutenant-colonelcy, a very eminent rank in the minutemen army. Few also began to take interest in politics and were elected Georgia provincial sexual intercourse of 1776. He also was and the enjoin executive, surveyor general, Indian commissioner, as well as served in the Continental relation general. Few was also reelected to the Georgia assembly. Four years later Few was picked to be one of the six state delegates to the constitutional convention. Two of the state delegates did non attend the convention. Two did not stay for the duration. Few did not attend a good deal of the convention, and never made a speech. But he helped nationalists vote, and helped have congress approve the constitution. He also approved the state ratifying convention.William Few essays research paperWilliam FewHe was born in Baltimore in 1748, but his story begins long before his birth. It started when his fathe rs family immigrated to Pennsylvania in 1680s. His father just so happened to move to Maryland, where he met his wife, married her, and settled in Baltimore where William was to be born. William had many hard times and little schooling until he was ten, when his family moved to North Carolina. In 1771 William, his father, and his brother joined the regulators, frontiers men who fought against the British royal governor. Because of that his brother was hung and his fathers farm destroyed. The Fews were forced to move again, now to Georgia. William stayed in North Carolina living by himself until 1776. When he got to Georgia he was accepted to the Bar and began to practice the law in Augusta. When the revolutionary war began Few sided with the Whig cause, which was the side of the war fighting for Americas freedom from British rule. Even though Few had little schooling as a child he proved leadership and won a lieutenant-colonelcy, a very high rank in the minutemen army. Few also bega n to take interest in politics and were elected Georgia provincial congress of 1776. He also was and the state executive, surveyor general, Indian commissioner, as well as served in the Continental Congress general. Few was also reelected to the Georgia assembly. Four years later Few was picked to be one of the six state delegates to the constitutional convention. Two of the state delegates did not attend the convention. Two did not stay for the duration. Few did not attend much of the convention, and never made a speech. But he helped nationalists vote, and helped have congress approve the constitution. He also approved the state ratifying convention.

Discussing Ethical Judgments in the Production of Knowledge in Both Art

good judgements limit the methods available in the production of knowledge in both the arts and the natural sciences. Discuss. To a certain degree, moral philosophy can be considered a matter of ones heart, the source of emotional life, as well as their head, the boil down of a human existences faculty of intellect and reasoning. Ethics, or moral philosophy, is a set of ideas that are systemized, defended, recommended in differentiating behaviour as every right or equipment casualty prescribed by social and cultural taboos. It is divided into three categories meta-ethics (way of determining truth through origin), normative ethics (arriving at moral standard set right and wrong) and applied ethics (how moral outcomes are accomplished in specific situations) 1. Such divisions often halt the proficiency in knowledge at bottom the arts and natural sciences. These morality-based restrictions directed towards the particular two areas of knowledge can be best understood with Sig mund Freuds imprint that the ethical parts of an somebodys unconsciousness controls majority of their behaviours in life reflects the collective unconscious mind of human beings . If it is human nature to be partially conscious of our safe and sound identity, then this behaviour of ours largely limits us from attaining an extensive amount of knowledge that could more likely help us watch the answers we are often inquiring for. The societal and individual ethics govern the methods and dimensions in distribution of knowledge in both arts and natural science, whether it is by means of excessive confinement of these areas of knowledge, unrestricted facilitation of their advancement, or limiting them in moderation. Nevertheless, this basic conclusion within the world of ethical judgem... ...ations on Scientific question Scientific liberty An Anthology on Freedom of Scientific Research Bloomsbury Academic. N.p., n.d. Web. 5 Dec. 2013. .The Ethical Limitations on Scientific Resear ch Scientific Freedom An Anthology on Freedom of Scientific Research Bloomsbury Academic. The Ethical Limitations on Scientific Research Scientific Freedom An Anthology on Freedom of Scientific Research Bloomsbury Academic. N.p., n.d. Web. 5 Dec. 2013. .Tolstoy, Leo, and Charles E. Moore. Leo Tolstoy ghostly writings. Maryknoll, N.Y. Orbis Books, 2006. Print.Tom & Jerry. Dir. Phil Roman. Perf. Richard Kind, Dana Hill, Anndi McAfee. Warner Bros., 2013. VHS Discussing Ethical Judgments in the Production of Knowledge in Both ArtEthical judgements limit the methods available in the production of knowledge in both the arts and the natural sciences. Discuss. To a certain degree, ethics can be considered a matter of ones heart, the source of emotional life, as well as their head, the center of a human beings faculty of intellect and reasoning. Ethics, or moral philosophy, is a set of ideas that are systemized, defended, recommended in differentiating behaviour as eith er right or wrong prescribed by social and cultural taboos. It is divided into three categories meta-ethics (way of determining truth through origin), normative ethics (arriving at moral standard regulating right and wrong) and applied ethics (how moral outcomes are accomplished in specific situations) 1. Such divisions often halt the advancement in knowledge within the arts and natural sciences. These morality-based restrictions directed towards the particular two areas of knowledge can be best understood with Sigmund Freuds belief that the ethical parts of an individuals unconsciousness controls majority of their behaviours in life reflects the collective unconscious mind of human beings . If it is human nature to be partially conscious of our whole identity, then this behaviour of ours largely limits us from attaining an extensive amount of knowledge that could more likely help us find the answers we are often searching for. The societal and individual ethics govern the methods and dimensions in distribution of knowledge in both arts and natural science, whether it is by means of excessive limitation of these areas of knowledge, unrestricted facilitation of their advancement, or limiting them in moderation. Nevertheless, this basic conclusion within the world of ethical judgem... ...ations on Scientific Research Scientific Freedom An Anthology on Freedom of Scientific Research Bloomsbury Academic. N.p., n.d. Web. 5 Dec. 2013. .The Ethical Limitations on Scientific Research Scientific Freedom An Anthology on Freedom of Scientific Research Bloomsbury Academic. The Ethical Limitations on Scientific Research Scientific Freedom An Anthology on Freedom of Scientific Research Bloomsbury Academic. N.p., n.d. Web. 5 Dec. 2013. .Tolstoy, Leo, and Charles E. Moore. Leo Tolstoy spiritual writings. Maryknoll, N.Y. Orbis Books, 2006. Print.Tom & Jerry. Dir. Phil Roman. Perf. Richard Kind, Dana Hill, Anndi McAfee. Warner Bros., 2013. VHS

The Turning Point of World War II - The Battle of Midway Essay example

World War II, along with its numerous battles, brought great tension between devil of the strongest countries during the 1940s the United States and lacquer. Conflict between these two countries started with Japans push past Chinese borders into Manchuria in search of the natural resources Japan lacks. At first, the United States avoided military action with Japan by waging economic fightfare on them. This economic pressure included the passing of the Neutrality Act, which prohibited the sales agreement of weapons to nations at war (Nash 513). Additionally, the United States placed oil embargoes on Japan hoping it would force Japan to shut down military operations in China. Japan, at a critical decision point, decided to bomb the American naval base at Pearl Harbor. On December 7th, 1941 at 6 a.m., Japan pilots bombed the naval base at Pearl Harbor, taking out the United States strongest battleships, killing thousands of people, and destroying hundreds of planes (Sherman). The da y after Pearl Harbor, the United States declared war on Japan. Over the next few years, the United States and Japan fought fierce battles for dominance in the Pacific Ocean. One of the nearly important battles during the United States and Japanese war was the Battle of Midway. Japan was destroying the United States at sea, until the Battle of Midway gave the United States Pacific Fleet an edge on Japanese forces. The Battle of Midway was the most important naval engagement of World War II it was a decisive battle that allowed the United States to be the dominant naval power in the Pacific and it marked a turning point in World War II for the United States.The motive for Japans plan to ardor Midway Island was to claim dominant power over the Pacific Ocean and to... ...ary B. American Odyssey The United States in the 20th Century. New York, 2002. 513. PrintNewark, Timothy. Turning the soar upwards of War 50 Battles That Changed the Course of Modern History. London Hamlyn, 2001. 11 2-15. Print.Nicholas, Walter. Interviewed by Lewis G. Schmidt. Interview with Walter Nicholas. 10 October 1989. Web. 14 March 2014.Now Its the Japanese Who Will have in mind Pearl Harbor. Daily Boston Globe 7 June 1942 D1 ProQuest. Web. 13 March 2014.Pacific Situation Declared Eased by Battle of Midway. Los Angeles multiplication 10 June 1942 2 ProQuest. Web. 13 March 2014.Sherman, Frederick Sherman Tells Inside Story of Midway Battle. Historical Newspaper. ProQuest Historical Newspaper. ICONN. Web. 17 March 2014.Symonds, Craig. Mitscher and the Mystery of Midway. June 2012 46. History Reference Center. EBSCOhost. Web. 18 March 2014.

Does watching too much television have an impact on behavior Essay

It is very(prenominal) evident that television plays a tremendous role in the society we live in. It back spark imagination, creativity, even take a person out of heartyity and put them into an imaginary world. Television keeps you informed with news and current events going on around the world, it can take you to unknown places that a person otherwise would never be able to visit, it provides access to the arts, even music and so often clock times more.Although most people look at television as an entertaining and educational way to spend time, some people think at that place is overly a great deal violence in television and that is influencing young members of society into becoming aggressive in nature and learn tolerate violence. Can extensive honoring of television cause a significant negative carry on on the behavior of the youth today? TV can play a very important role in shaping a person attitude, and behavior but can all TV programs have a negative concussion on be havior?Lets take a look at some of the statistics of television for us to understand a little more about why TV is blamed for bad behavior in youth and adults. According to Nationmaster. com 98. 5 percent of homes in the United States have at least genius TV with ninety percent having at least two televisions and eighty-seven percent of homes have at the least a videodisc player or VCR. (Nationmaster) With so many homes having TVs, television has become a debatable issue as many researchers and psychologist question the influence of programs on the attitudes and behavior of todays youth.According to psychological researches done on youths, violence on television can have a negative impact on the youth. It is estimated that by the time a child starts high school that child will have viewed 8,000 to 10,000 acts of violence whether it be from watching cartoons or a drama crime show. (Villani) Children, who argon allowed to view programs in which the violence is very realistic, are mor e likely to try to imitate what they see on the show. Children that already have emotional, behavioral or control problems may be even more heavily influenced than a child that does not have the emotional ties. newborn children and young adults can even be affected by what they are watching even when they have a stable family atmosphere that shows no tendency towards violence. A Study done in October of 2007 showed that out of 3,205 children between the ages of eight and sixteen who watched more than two arcminutes of television in a twenty-four hour period was associated with problems with aggressive behavior towards family and peers. Most of the scientific evidence reveals a relationship between television and aggressive behavior.While few would say that there is absolute proof that watching television caused aggressive behavior, the overall cumulative weight of all the studies gives credence to the position that they are related. Essentially, television violence is one of the t hings that may lead to aggressive, antisocial, or criminal behavior. (Signorielli) Television is not the only factor in causing aggression among todays youth, there are many factors. However, television is one of the greatest factors that can cause aggressive behavior in children. This is especially evident in the U. S.Many criminals confess that their furious actions or attitudes were encouraged by TV.This is becoming a great problem of our society as the rate of criminal behavior is constantly growing. With so much crime being showed on television, it can negatively affect childrens attitude towards school, lifestyle, career, family, and even their future. Television programs should be monitored by parents and limited to the amount of time spent watching TV that does have crime related scenes. Parents should also explain to the child that the violence they see on television is not real and what the consequences would be if it were real.

Reaction Paper on the Movie Gi Jane

Msg Marcelito S Adriano 723484 (FA) PA SubjectReaction Papers on We Were Soldiers As I watched the movie We Were Soldiers I recall what is happening in any unit, as the Battalion Com domainder, Company Commander, Platoon Leaders, Sergeant Major and Troops introduce different roles. Leader shows set as an example. He is intelligent, thinking, brave and determined leader. He studies the character of his enemy c befully. He wont ask to his man to do, if he backt do it by himself. He trains his men thoroughly, preparing them for the incoming mission. The Leaders influence the thoughts, attitudes and behaviors of others.It is, therefore, important that their morale is kept high so that they are ready for sacrifice whenever necessity arises. The officers have their own responsibility for commanding the soldiers in combat which is the greatest challenge for each of them even for the endangerment of their lives. The soldiers shows leadership as they oblige to set unrivalled direction for the rest of them, they help each other what lies ahead, they also help to visualize what they want to achieve, they were advocate and inspire to meet their mission. A responsible family man shows also to this movie.The image of a father which shows closeness to his children, concern for the future of his family and a better hubby to his wife. The movie shows an ordinary soldier which other people stinkernot be seen it. So it is better that the put downmaker produce this kind of movie so that we can unfold a recognition to our soldier. wont ask man to do what he wont do himself I will be the first to step on the field and I will be the last to step off, he assures his troops. He reads books and studies the nature of his enemy carefully. He trains his men meticulously, preparing them for the ominous battle to come. Men will die, he tells his troops, knowing that he and his men are at a disadvantage against an enemy on their own turf. In addition to Gibson, Greg Kinnear, Sam Elli ot, Barry pour, and Keri Russell all deem outstanding, A+ performances.Kinnear plays Bruce Crandall, a chopper pilot showing determination and courage while still revealing his fear of death in the course of battle. Pepper plays Joe Galloway, the journalist who rides into the heat of battle to get his story first-hand. (Just wait until you hear his reason for becoming a journalist instead of a soldier. And in malice of my personal disdain for her character on the WBs Felicity, Russell inspires us as a strong-willed mother, in spite of the possibility of losing her husband Jack Geoghegan (Chris Klein) at war. The film does an exceptional job of transitioning from place-to-place, whether from one area of the battlefield to another, to the women and children back home, you always have a good sense of where things are happening and when theyre taking place. When one platoon is cut off from the rest of the soldiers, when riverbeds are won and lost, you know exactly what effect it has on the battle.You experience first-hand the grave danger these soldiers experienced. You mourn their deaths and cheer their victories because in spite of the fact that youre sitting in a movie theater, you feel like youre there in battle with them, facing the possibility of death, witnessing the horror of it all. Writer-director Randall Wallace (The manhood in the Iron Mask) spends a fair amount of time showing us what is going on behind enemy lines from the point of view of the normality Vietnamese. I first heard this was an element of the film before I saw it and was afraid they were going to portray the communist North Vietnamese in a sympathetic light.But, interestingly, these scenes added to the drama and suspense of the film. We see what each leader is thinking and planning for the next attack, which only builds more suspense in expectation of the next scene to come. A sense of family is well-portrayed among the soldiers, and especially among the wives at home. Madeleine St owe plays Julie Moore, the wife of Lt. Col. Moore. She heads up the group of wives, giving moral support and preparing them as best she can for the possible death of their husbands. She and Russell show us the chilling events of how they dealt with relaying the notices of the deaths of their friends husbands.What is lacking in the film is mention of how the war started, or that North Vietnam was communist. Although these are well-known facts, they are too important to pass over in a film about the Vietnam War. The filmmakers have been saying in their media appearances that this is an anti-war movie due to the graphic nature of the battle scenes. Be prepared the battles scenes are graphic, but I did not come away thinking they were pro- or anti-war. The sheer quantity of gore can never trump the morality of why we fight a war.These scenes only dramatize the risks of fighting a war, and who and what is at stake. The political elements shown in the film (e. g. , how we went into Vietna m unprepared, and failed to in good order arm our men in the best way possible) only demonstrate, in my view, that if we do choose to fight a war, we must do so acknowledging the risks and then proceed with the moral certainty that our cause is right, with only one goal to win. And Young is a tribute to the nobility of those men under fire, their common acts of bizarre valor, and their loyalty to and love for one another.

Literature in contemporary societies Essay

The art of literature in contemporary societies has always led to more critical discussions between man and himself and between man and his neighbor. writings pushes us to rethink our stance on normal societal norms and beliefs. genus genus genus Sula is such a work of art. It is the based on two wo workforce living at the Bottom in Ohio, a predominantly black community. Helen Wright is a socially conscious and quite a conservative woman. She has one daughter Nel. Hannah Peace a beautiful flamboyant and a woman with many men at the Bottom is the mother of Sula.Sula is raised with Eva Peace, her grandmother who does non stifle her granddaughters freedom unlike Nel who comes from a restrictive household. Nel and Sula develop quite an inseparable and honest friendship, a friendship that does not settle closely with Helen who possesses tomb misgivings due to the reputation of Sulas mother however she does not object openly after her realization that Sula is a very well-mannered ho use guest. After High School these two great friends diverge ways for 10 years.Sula goes to college where she experiences a current wave of sexual promiscuity much like her mother. Nel On the other hand is married by a Bottoms resident, Jude Green. Their separation last for period of three years before Sula comes back from the college and their relationship resumes without any hindrance. However, this relationship is cut short when Nel learns of the relationship between Sula and Jude. This affair ends both the relationship between Jude and Nel as well as that of Nel as Sula who leaves the tail end for three years.Nel is forced to raise her two children alone and she doesnt communicate with Sula for the three years that she goes away. Their succeeding(a) meeting occurs when Sula is terribly sick and almost dying. Their last conversation before Sula dies constitutes the literary wealth of this masterpiece it is the discussion between penny-pinching and bad. She dies and is buried at the Bottom cemetery. Thereafter, Nel visits Eva Peace who is quite old and is kept in a nursing home where she tries to retell the moments she had together before Sula died.While walking home she begins to feel the loss of the relationship with the death of Sula, her single and true friend. Her judgment of Sula as bad begins to haunt her as she recalls an incident that happened when they were friends the Chicken Little incident. Chicken little was a young boy who also lived at the Bottom. When playing on a tree, Sula deep in thought(p) grip and the child plunged in the river and drowned. They kept this secret for the whole of their lives.These are the memories that unsettled Nel emotionally, she begins to challenge the concepts of bully and bad and the choices and sacrifices people make in life. afterwards on, she kills her drug addict sun as she struggles to raise his family single handedly. Sadly, we see her sitting and crying over Sulas grave at indeed cemetery as the fi b comes to an end. The story questions the decisions that people make in life the calls for a rethinking of common societal problems. Critics mention the humor in the novel.For use the place called bottom is actually at the mountain top. The creation of binary oppositions in the novel not only makes it too interesting and informative provided also lets the reader glance at the depth of common conventions in the community and the effect these societal conventions have on the lives of children who are supposed to be brought up in a comparatively free world where people are supposed to make free will. Satire as a report card is also developed in the story and it fuse well with the binary notion.The complexity of characters in the story conveys an account of human flaws in decision qualification and in the way we relate to other people in the community. While parents do everything in their power to ensure that their children justifiably lead a good life, little is done in ensuring t hat the children also get freedom. This makes the children not to acquire their own experiences in life but only proceed to copy the characters of their parents and grandparents. The detail that Sula turned out to be an exact replica of her mother and grandmother is an attestation to this fact.The book is feminine masterpiece and there is also an part of female chauvinism. This stinkpot be justified by the fact that all the major characters in the book are women and their actions are affected by men in a very little sense. Jude, Chicken Little and Nels son who became a drug addict after leaving the army are all victims of the womens stereotyped dispositions. Shadrack universe physically and emotionally scarred fro the experience of war is disowned and almost excommunicated by the community without the community fully taking into custody the reasons behind his behavior.Let us now give a critical analysis of Sula, the main character. Sula is the major influence on his friend Nel. Sula has been influenced by her mother leading to the passage of what can be argued to be a bad character trait through generations. Eva is a strong woman. She has endured loneliness, humbled poverty but she is proud and unre contributeing. Sula is quite an extraordinary woman, she is energetic but she has no suitable outlet to release her energies. This makes her potentially dangerous in that that she has no knowledge of wrongdoing.She does not understand that she sins when she sleeps with men and carelessly tosses them aside. Her sin is unintentional. The community, however do not understand the context of her upbringing or they hardly do not care. They despise her but tolerate her. One very interesting aspect is that Sula is quite freelance in her isolation, she does what she pleases and she simply does not care what everybody else does. She lives her the way it pleases her effectively earning her isolation from the community.After her death the rules shift suddenly, there is a renewed sense of acceptance, of defining right and wrong, good and bad. It is essential to try and delve into the reasons why Nel and Sula united flush after Sula betrayed their friendship by having an affair with Nels husband, Jude. Nel realizes that Sula was neither good nor evil she was just indifferent to everything and everybody. Wives had to put extra effect in making sure that their husbands do not fall into bed with Sula, children were treated reform so that they dont grow into adults who are indifferent and uncaring like Sula.This is good fortune to the bottom community because they were held together in the rethinking process. come back the National Suicide day? After Sulas death the community did not have any productive outlet to channel their energies, they could not just sit and talk and so they become enraged and tear up the tunnel the result of unfocused energy. This eventual realization went a vast way in ensuring that the residents of Bottom engaged in produ ctive work for their survival. If Sula would have directed her energy to something else, maybe something a little more worthwhile would have resulted.Racial prejudice is highlighted when Jude is denied a chance to engage in the building of anew bridge, because of the color of his skin he is denied the opportunity even though he is willing to do something productive. He stands in line for six days while the white boys get an opportunity to build the new River Road, his job at the hotel is demeaning and an insult to his masculinity. The scarcity of job opportunities remains to be the why Eva and Hannah had very little chance of gainful employment. They had to contend with the injustices being meted out on them because they were females and most importantly black.To escape the pangs of hunger in the winter, they have to prepare canned food in the summer. The life of Sula Peace, her childishness and her death in 1941is surrounded by the inability of the environment to shape her into a good woman The black community residing in Medallion the bottom is judgmental but not in any way assisting to solve the crisis within itself. Sulas life story shows us how the community and family can shape somebodys identity. She not only displays how children are nurtured but also her later relationship with the same community who natured her.She is a strong independent character but the community does not see her positive potentiality. To go against these societal norms she is not married and she sleeps around. The Peace family has been frowned upon by the Bottom community. This could have make an element of antagonism from Sula because she does not follow accepted societal conventions but in this case she is the protagonist and not the community. The novel poses her as the central character and the community constitutes only bits and pieces that seem to knit her life together in a predetermined fashion from the time of her birth to death.If change is to pile place the communi ty remains the playing field and Sula undoubtedly remains one of the players in the field. Whether she deserved to be rewarded for fearlessly instigating the rethinking process is not a matter of discussion as it is evident that her one and truly friend had in her own way knowingly or unknowingly lent credit to her stance in life by crying over her grave at the cemetery after realizing what Sula stood for. The character Sula is social organisation less, that any character interaction with her only invokes an element of structurelessness.This is because philosophically her evil is not her own but a reflection of what had been unknowingly imparted in her. Fortunately, her story is one where what is regarded as evil triggered change in the society. In analyzing one of the important masterpieces in the history of black American writing it is prudent to run into on the growth of protagonism and non conformism in the society. The societys vilification of the heroine Sula who does not fi t into the societys conformation of a heroine is a classic example of the inability of a people to look within themselves and try to solve the problems within its own structures.Works CitedDaniel Dawkins A Character analytic thinking of Sula Considering Morrisons Main Character as the Protagonist. 2008 Black Community Racism Racist Essays. Solomon O. Iyasere and Marla W. Iyasere. Understanding Tony Morrisons Beloved and Sula Selected Essays and Criticisms of the works of Nobel see winning author. 2000

Assess the Significance of the Role of Individuals in Reducing Racial Discrimination in the Period 1877-1981

Assess the significance of the role of individuals in cut down racial discrimination in the period 1877-1981. The post-civil war era of American history could be argued as unrivaled with great promise for African Americans. With the pairing winning the Civil struggle and Lincoln granting the Emancipation Proclamation in 1863, for sure the seeds had been sown for equality for both in America glowerings and whites included?patronage the foundations having been laid for equality, it may non be surprising that only small development was made when Lincoln- the saviour of Blacks- had little interest in abolishing slavery in the first place if I could save the Union without freeing any slave, I would do it. However, it can non be disputed that, whatever his intentions had been, Lincolns Emancipation Proclamation did suffer just a glance of hope for African Americans De Jure, the African Americans throughout America had freedom and were able to leave the slavery of Southern planta tion owners.Why is it then, that De Facto, the age following the Civil war failed to provide this new hope for Blacks and that racism & discrimination continued for many years to come? The idea of Blacks discloseing the mind rigid they necessitate in fiat to fight for their freedom can be categorised as their develo entrapg consciousness. Throughout the 19th and 20th century, it was evident that Blacks had begun to collect that they too had rights and were entitled to the equivalent as the Whites.Through the work of organisations such as the NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Coloured People) and the Harlem Renaissance as well as individuals such as William Edward Burghardt (W. E. B) Du Bois Blacks in American began developing their identity as a group and using this to fight back against the oppression of Whites. Du Bois was known as a vocal critic of booking agent T Washington, being an educated Black- graduating from Fisk University in 1885 and studying h istory at Harvard University- he became the first African-American to receive a Ph.D. From Harvard. In order to develop Black Consciousness, Du Bois joined chock ups with the the same(p) minded activists of the NAACP. The NAACPs main focal points were The abolition of segregation equal voting rights educational opportunities for wispy people the enforcement of the Fourteenth and 15th Amendments. Despite the main focuses of the NAACPs campaigns, it could be argued that the main thing they did for the progress of Black Equality was the uniting of Blacks under one force by 1918 there were round 43,994 members in the NAACP.This gathering of Blacks under one organisation cannot be ignored, for the first time the African-Americans of America were joining together in order to fight for their freedom. unity key tied(p)t which argues against the idea that individuals were significant in step-down racial discrimination is that of WWI argued by Sanders- The First World war generated jobs and gave blacks soldiers a glimpse of greater equality. The treatment of Blacks abroad- particularly France- directed the African-Americans that the treatment they were receiving at home was unfair and that they were indeed in a situation which needed to change.It is a hard project indeed to decide whether or Black Consciousness increased due to the work solely of individuals such as Du Bois, organisations like the NAACP or events like WWI. some would argue that it was not a single one of these factors which led to the increase of Blacks realisation of potential. genius argument however is that surely without individuals behind the organisations, the work and jar of the organisation is nothing? Individuals are able to lead, organise and even inspire something that events and organisations are unable to do.The process of increased black nationalism is certainly one which cannot be overlooked indeed it may not subscribe achieved solid changes in law, and some go as farthes t to swear that it may have even hindered the advancement of Black Civil Rights. Despite this one could argue that the development of black nationalism catalysed the civil rights causal agency for many African Americans position a sense of pride inside the hearts of many which was drastically needed at the time. Before trying to pin any credible progress on the black nationalism movement it is first important to attempt to define Black Nationalism.A simple definition of it would be that it was an ideology which stresses the desire for sequestration of the black race unity as a people, pride in African heritage, the creation of autonomous institutions and the search for a territory to build a nation (Cone, 1991, 122). However the ideology of black nationalists varies greatly between individuals a perfect example of this is Malcolm X and Martin Luther faggot. The two quit drastically between their methods in raising black nationalism.The methods and effectiveness of Malcolm Xs c ampaign for the improved lives of black Americans are up for questioning by many. Indeed his simulated military operation were more radicalised than his non-violent counterpart Dr King Malcolm X even stated in Washington, 1964 that Im here to remind the white man of the alternative to Dr King. This statement could be seen to sum up the purport of Malcolm X due to the lack of credible change attached to him, one has to question whether his purpose was merely just to show what could happen (increased radicalisation and violence) if the demands of Dr King were not met.This lack of credible, positive actions and change by Malcolm X and his current organisation the Nation Of Islam is an idea which can be- and has been- argued in depth. One could argue that, in hurt of De Jure, Malcolm X did not achieve anything significant and indeed many considered him to be irresponsible and negative Thurgood Marshall even went as far as to say that the NOI was run by a bunch of thugs. Despite this, De Facto, one cannot simply ignore the fact that Malcolm X did indeed campaign early attention to the afflictive conditions in the ghettos and according to the FBI, he was The most prospering recruiter for the Black Muslims.This can be credited to Malcolm X being a Zeitgeist he was able to accost into the spirit of the time and the feelings of the people, using this to draw the huge amounts of support he did for the Nation of Islam. Indeed it may be seen that a radical, passionate individual like Malcolm X was needed at that specific time for the black nationalism movement it cannot be ignored that Martin Luther King was not at his most successful stage and the fire of black civil rights and nationalism which had been burning brightly was indeed beginning to burn dimmer or some might even say had gone out at the time.After looking at the impact in which individuals had on the civil rights movement and the business of events, one can assuage come back to the fundamentals of th e debate without an individual to start an organisation or instigate an event surely no progress at all would have been made? If one is able to look at the larger picture of the progress made in reducing racial discrimination in the yearsAssess the Significance of the Role of Individuals in Reducing Racial Discrimination in the Period 1877-1981Assess the significance of the role of individuals in reducing racial discrimination in the period 1877-1981. The post-civil war era of American history could be argued as one with great promise for African Americans. With the North winning the Civil War and Lincoln granting the Emancipation Proclamation in 1863, surely the seeds had been sown for equality for all in America blacks and whites included?Despite the foundations having been laid for equality, it may not be surprising that only small progress was made when Lincoln- the saviour of Blacks- had little interest in abolishing slavery in the first place if I could save the Union without freeing any slave, I would do it. However, it cannot be disputed that, whatever his intentions had been, Lincolns Emancipation Proclamation did provide just a glimpse of hope for African Americans De Jure, the African Americans throughout America had freedom and were able to leave the slavery of Southern plantation owners.Why is it then, that De Facto, the years following the Civil War failed to provide this new hope for Blacks and that racism & discrimination continued for many years to come? The idea of Blacks developing the mind set they needed in order to fight for their freedom can be categorised as their developing consciousness. Throughout the 19th and 20th century, it was evident that Blacks had begun to realise that they too had rights and were entitled to the same as the Whites.Through the work of organisations such as the NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Coloured People) and the Harlem Renaissance as well as individuals such as William Edward Burghardt ( W. E. B) Du Bois Blacks in American began developing their identity as a group and using this to fight back against the oppression of Whites. Du Bois was known as a vocal critic of Booker T Washington, being an educated Black- graduating from Fisk University in 1885 and studying history at Harvard University- he became the first African-American to receive a Ph.D. From Harvard. In order to develop Black Consciousness, Du Bois joined forces with the like minded activists of the NAACP. The NAACPs main focal points were The abolition of segregation equal voting rights educational opportunities for black people the enforcement of the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments. Despite the main focuses of the NAACPs campaigns, it could be argued that the main thing they did for the progress of Black Equality was the uniting of Blacks under one force by 1918 there were around 43,994 members in the NAACP.This gathering of Blacks under one organisation cannot be ignored, for the first time the Afr ican-Americans of America were joining together in order to fight for their freedom. One key event which argues against the idea that individuals were significant in reducing racial discrimination is that of WWI argued by Sanders- The First World War generated jobs and gave blacks soldiers a glimpse of greater equality. The treatment of Blacks abroad- particularly France- showed the African-Americans that the treatment they were receiving at home was unfair and that they were indeed in a situation which needed to change.It is a hard task indeed to decide whether or Black Consciousness increased due to the work solely of individuals such as Du Bois, organisations like the NAACP or events like WWI. Many would argue that it was not a single one of these factors which led to the increase of Blacks realisation of potential. One argument however is that surely without individuals behind the organisations, the work and impact of the organisation is nothing? Individuals are able to lead, or ganise and even inspire something that events and organisations are unable to do.The process of increased black nationalism is certainly one which cannot be overlooked indeed it may not have achieved solid changes in law, and some go as far to say that it may have even hindered the advancement of Black Civil Rights. Despite this one could argue that the development of black nationalism catalysed the civil rights movement for many African Americans installing a sense of pride inside the hearts of many which was drastically needed at the time. Before trying to pin any credible progress on the black nationalism movement it is first important to attempt to define Black Nationalism.A simple definition of it would be that it was an ideology which stresses the desire for separatism of the black race unity as a people, pride in African heritage, the creation of autonomous institutions and the search for a territory to build a nation (Cone, 1991, 122). However the ideology of black nationali sts varies greatly between individuals a perfect example of this is Malcolm X and Martin Luther King. The two vary drastically between their methods in raising black nationalism.The methods and effectiveness of Malcolm Xs campaign for the improved lives of black Americans are up for questioning by many. Indeed his tactics were more radicalised than his non-violent counterpart Dr King Malcolm X even stated in Washington, 1964 that Im here to remind the white man of the alternative to Dr King. This statement could be seen to sum up the purpose of Malcolm X due to the lack of credible change attached to him, one has to question whether his purpose was merely just to show what could happen (increased radicalisation and violence) if the demands of Dr King were not met.This lack of credible, positive actions and change by Malcolm X and his current organisation the Nation Of Islam is an idea which can be- and has been- argued in depth. One could argue that, in terms of De Jure, Malcolm X d id not achieve anything significant and indeed many considered him to be irresponsible and negative Thurgood Marshall even went as far as to say that the NOI was run by a bunch of thugs. Despite this, De Facto, one cannot simply ignore the fact that Malcolm X did indeed draw early attention to the awful conditions in the ghettos and according to the FBI, he was The most successful recruiter for the Black Muslims.This can be credited to Malcolm X being a Zeitgeist he was able to tap into the spirit of the time and the feelings of the people, using this to draw the huge amounts of support he did for the Nation of Islam. Indeed it may be seen that a radical, passionate individual like Malcolm X was needed at that specific time for the black nationalism movement it cannot be ignored that Martin Luther King was not at his most successful stage and the fire of black civil rights and nationalism which had been burning brightly was indeed beginning to burn dimmer or some might even say had gone out at the time.After looking at the impact in which individuals had on the civil rights movement and the contrast of events, one can still come back to the fundamentals of the debate without an individual to start an organisation or instigate an event surely no progress at all would have been made? If one is able to look at the larger picture of the progress made in reducing racial discrimination in the years

Digestive Problems

There are many different digestive problems that may seem minor but lead to critical health issues. about of these digestive problems are more common among women than men. One such(prenominal) digestive problem is sharp reflux, greetn scientifically as gastroesophageal reflux indisposition or GERD. This condition is characterized by an uncomfortable feeling when the acid from the stomach flows up into gorge. Acid reflux can also cause inflammation and scarring to the esophagus (Pick, 2008). Acid reflux is often diagnosed when heartburn in the chest occurs frequently.Acid reflux is explained by the alteration of the gradient of pressure between the lower esophageal sphincter and the stomach. With acid reflux, the normal pressure in the stomach that pushes nutriment down the esophagus is altered and the pressure from the stomach below becomes stronger than the pressure from above, causing the acid to rise back up (Pick, 2008). Acid reflux should be a source of concern because it is estimated that the 19 million Americans who suffer from it may not be aware of the risks attendant to the condition.Acid reflux may cause damage and irritation tot he esophagus, due to delayed peristalsis caused by the acid electrical capacity in the partly digested food that comes back up the esophagus (Resto, 2000). Common plans of care for acid reflux are taking antacids and H2 blockers, which provide relief for patients. Moreover, handling of acid reflux takes era, and could even last from three months to a lifetime. The interference goals in acid reflux are to reduce irritation and decrease reflux, and these could be achieved by changing ones lifestyle and provender.Recommended changes include quitting smoking, losing weight, decreasing portion size of food intake, and choosing food that increase pressure in the lower esophageal sphincter, such as decaffeinated coffee and protein-rich food. Finally, acid reflux could be avoided at night by elevating the head of the bed by six inches (Resto, 2000). Aside from taking the pills, the early(a)wise treatment options are home remedies that are known to be effective in reducing the discomforting symptoms of acid reflux. Another common digestive problem is running(a) dyspepsia, which is a group of disorders characterized by upper abdominal pain or discomfort.It is not easy to diagnose functional dyspepsia because its symptoms often overlap with those of other bowel disorders. Functional dyspepsia leads to physiological problems such as altered visceral sensation, nervous system dysregulation, psychological distress, and altered motility. Similar to acid reflux, the treatment of dyspepsia includes taking medication, such as antacids and antidepressants, and modification of diet and lifestyle through the avoidance of late evening meals and switching to law fat diet (Saad & Chey, 2006).Neither taking medication or undergoing major changes in lifestyle and diet are conclusively effective in treating functio nal dyspepsia, because the disorder is basically cover in mystery, given its shared symptoms with other digestive disorders. When I was ten years old, I used to love eating hotdogs, ice cream, pizza, and strawberries. However, as time went on, I lost my appetite for hotdogs, while I still love eating the others. Now, I cannot stand eating hotdogs. Given the way my appetite for food changes, and the changes in my body processes, I do not imagine I would still be eating the same food I love today.In the two examples given above, the development of either acid reflux and functional dyspepsia would dictate dietary and lifestyle changes. Thus, the possibility is not remote that I would be prevented from eating the same kinds of food that I eat today. Another example is the known decrease in metabolic rate, as one grows older. Thus, I know that in the future I would need to eat less quantity of food and eat more fiber because I would have slower metamorphosis in the future.

Illustrate the theme of isolation in “Of Mice and Men” by John Steinbeck Essay

In the novel Of Mice and Men which was set in the 1930s I believe that John Steinbeck Illustrated l wizliness and solitude in many places. The privateness in those times was due to mainly discrimination and injustice. The life of a familiar worker would be very difficult, therefore people worked for another(prenominal)s on their farms. The allowance were not proportional to the amount of labour and in addition the accommodation was barely habitable, this was unjust. The two focal characters George and Lennie have a sturdy bond and companionship.The other characters in the story are missing a true acquaintance and are envious of the two hands. They have never before seen two men unite together like that before. All the other characters in the book are all abandoned and dejected apart from Slim. George and Lennie were wedged together by dint of thick and thin, through good and bad and they knew they needed each other. This was revealed as George Said Guys like us that live on ranc hes, are the loneliest guys in the world. This importation that if not for each other they would be like the others on the ranch, discontented and lonesome.The others on the ranch had recognised this, as their fellow workers said Funny how you an him arrange together. This had highlighted the unusualness of the situation and the migrant lifestyle of the 1930s. While the whole ranch suffers from loneliness there are a few individual cases that are emphasised end-to-end the whole book. There are three main people in the book who suffer, Crooks, Candy and Curleys Wife. They all suffer injustice in the form of outrage and discrimination. Candy was thought of as an outcast as he has no longer got the physical ability due to his age and his physical disability does not help his cause.Candy had one true friend nevertheless, his dog. Once the dog was killed by Carlson, Candy was forced to seek friendship in another form. He knew that he was going to be given his marching orders shortl y, as he said theyll call me purty soon. While he was in the bunk house one day, he over heard George and Lennie talk about their lifelong dream. Candy decided to help George and Lennie accomplish their dreams. Candy had presented to facilitate in the form of specie and manual labour. This was a move of desperation but worked as the two men accepted Candys offer.Candy basically tried to deal friendship, this does not always produce true friends. Crooks a black man who faced isolation from the racist community. Crooks is not allowed to socially act with others around him because of his colour which is similar to Lennies situation as Lennie was unable to interact with people due to his mental condition. Crooks is restricted from doing customary things along side the white. He recognises how he has been treated and acts towards the white people who have affronted him how he himself is being treated. Crooks is also an envious man.He is extremely resentful of George and Lennies tight friendship as Crooks says to Lennie while in the barn together well, s personify, jus spose he dont come back. Whatll you do then? this was asked because Crooks did not have any friends and did not know how it would feel to meet them unexpectedly. Knowing that Lennie was mentally ill, Crooks decided to torture him because he wanted to ease some anger because he was discarded and unwanted by the others. Crooks is so lonely and striving for a good life he will do anything to live peacefully.

Collapse of Kingfisher Airlines Essay

Kingfisher , Sony and Kodak have one thing in common . i.e. They are finding it difficult to create themselves. They are trying hard to be a phoenix but will they truly rise from the ashes or simply fade away is the sure question.Let us take the issue of Kingfisher here. One of Indias most high profile airlines few years back , now in shambles. It is rightfully interesting to ponder that in same market scenario, one of the competitors of Kingfisher is flying high and high. Yes, Indigo Airlines is the most profitable airlines in India. The question is the difference among discipline or grandeur. What makes one company succeed, while another, in the same operating environment, falter? One of the reason is Mr. ( or Dr. in which degree?) Vijay Mallya showy nature.Kingfisher was launched as an all-economy, single-class configuration aircraft with food and entertainment systems. After about a year of operations, the airline suddenly shifted its focus to luxury. When an airline keeps c hanging its model and takes to haphazard expansion, there is no time for the airline to stabilize. After Kingfishers plunge into luxury came its next follya merger with Air Deccan, an airline create by Captain G R Gopinath in 2003. I believe the fall of Kingfisher airlines started the very day when they bought Air Deccan. Capt. Gopinath , the owner of Air Deccan can be termed as shrewd but smart investor who k newfangled when to part with his investment , just at the right time. The all-economy configuration of Air Deccan was rebranded and called Kingfisher Red, which continued to operate as its low-priced wing till recently.Kingfisher ended up spending Rs 550 crore on an airline that had losses of over Rs 550 crore. It is widely believed that Kingfisher merged itself with Air Deccan so that it could classify as an airline with five years of domestic flying in 2008, thus fulfilling requirements to fly international routes. The fact that Jet had meanwhile swallowed Air Sahara didn t help, fuelling a competitive race to be the biggest airline around. Essentially, jet fuel prices began to sky-rocket and soon touched $150. Then came the 2008 recession that made fundamentals in the airline manufacture worse, which is when the airline launched its international operations.Some companies just fail to learneither from the examples that its peers may have set for the industry, or from its own past mistakes. Now, Kingfisher has decided to exchange its model yet againdiscontinuing its Kingfisher Red brand and completely converting its fleet to a dual class, full-service configuration.Kingfisher was gifted to Mr . Sidhartha Mallya by his father on his birthday i.e. a Near Zero experience in running a company and the later CEOs appointed by Mr . Mallya couldnt bring any significant emergence too . His over indulgence in petty things like parties and Kingfisher Calendar also lead to inadequacies in his finances. .IPL is also one of the reason for Kingfisher downfall be cause it is know that many of the money was diverted to IPL from Kingfisher airlines, resulting which they defaulted in Loans and recently became a NPA (non performing asset) to its leading bankers like SBI .The lack of trust was shown recently when Mr Mallya asked the government of India to bail him out. The new minister Mr. Ajit Singh clearly told that the governing body will not bail out private airline because Air India is itself in need to bail out. I in person feel that Mr Ajit singh made a good decision because When Kingfisher doesnt give public anything in return of its profit , then why is it asking for macrocosm hard earned money ( income tax money) to bail him out.The lack of management and top of it the soaring petrol prices, the airport charges added to Kingfishers humiliation. Frequent cancellation of flights , nonpayment to employees, rude staff laid the ground for Kingfishers grave. Kingfisher reputation took a beating when it was known that employees tax were not submitted to government on time since the last three years Government of India also freezed 40 Kingfishers bank account. Latest news is that Kingfisher employees have been not paid three months salary. We all know how we feel when our salary is retard by a day, imagine what happens to them when they are not getting salary for last three months. How do you expect the employees to keep a smiling event to its customers when they themselves are crying . A company which forgots its employees, is also soon forgotten. A classic example is Kingfisher airlines. Mr Mallya had to sell 49% of his ownership of Force India( F1 car) to Mr Subrato Roy to get kingfisher outlet ( owner of ailing airline Air Sahara , years back) , but it too failed to save the airlines from tatters.I still have hope from Mr Mallya that he will come to an end from over indulgence and concentrate on his fragile business. Its time he and his son become responsible and start this company from scratch sort of of late night parties and IPL and took inspiration from Indigo airlines who proudly claimed themselves as Low cost airline and exceeding the customers delight in every way they can.

Eli Lilly in India Essay

Eli Lilly and Company was started Mr. Colonel Eli Lilly in 1876. During 1940-1985 it performed as one of the jumper cable players in the US market. From the ascendent the crop line has remained committed to scientific and instruction excellence. For the past several(prenominal) eld the seam has unendingly expanded in the health care and agricultural sector. During 1950s the barter became export oriented and in 1980s the corporation was performing as a decoynerful international pharmaceutic company. In 1992 the firm has its own manufacturing plants in 25 countries and its overlaps were sold in much than 130 variant countries.During the same period several countries in Asia specifically India selected for liberalization policies where tax breaks were given and FDI was highly promoted. The line of descent considered it as an opport unit of measurementy and unconquerable to perform clinical testing where it R&D (research and cultivation) functional unit has contri excep ted a lot. Ranbaxy Laboratories The trading concern was started during the decade of 1960s in India. It has consistently performed as serious research-oriented company which evolved as one of the leading pharmaceutic firm.During 1977 the business was transformed into a global corporation with its broader scope, vision and leaders capabilities. For decades it has emphasized on the solitary principle of effective market research two indigenously as well as internationally. Throughout 1990s it performed as the bigst player in generic drugs in India. The free-enterprise(a) edge exists in the aptitude for chemical synthesis. The capital cost was also immensely lower as compare to that of USA. In USA at that place exists a grim quality control requirement indeed the business specifically relied on exporting its products in 47 different countries.The firm assumes to spend large amount on R&D in the nearest future. Eli Lilly in India Rethinking the Joint Venture system Q. 1 drawi ng on relevant academic sources, discuss the critical factors which lie behind the success of the Eli Lilly Ranbaxy international conjugation venture (ELR IJV). Ans. Critical Success factors for Eli Lilly Ranbaxy International JV (Joint Venture) It all started in 1992 when Ranbaxy approached Eli Lilly in effect to go into an agreement for supplying low cost pharmaceutic ingredients. Although Eli Lilly had suppliers India exclusively it could not reach fruitful relationship with them.During that period Ranbaxy was the largest exporter from India and the second largest exporter of Pharmaceutical products lagging behind Glaxo SmithKline. Basically strategic thinkers at Ranbaxy analyzed that it Eli Lilly is the only pharmaceutical company which do not exist in India and Ranbaxy underside assist them by supply low cost material duration manufacturing some of the Eli Lilly products locally in India. It was a fine decision where Ranbaxy opted for packaging and selling and distributi ng products for Eli Lilly in India.Research findings depict that it started favoredly and fleet charge believed that there were lots of commonalities between some(prenominal) the companies. Mutually they were in favor of ethical standards, technical advancements, progressive ideas and distributing patented products in India. The act of kindness revealed strong candid about their employees and affirmed on continuously performing for sustainable development and green provisions. Finally the JV (joint venture) was signed in November 1992 and reflected the prosperous accomplishments from two the parts.Beyond doubt Eli Lilly wanted to extend its name in Asia especially in India. It started with massive investiture of $ 7. 1 million as authorized capital and $3 million as equity capital. During 1995 Eli Lilly trenchant to expand in generic products and went into an agreement with Ranbaxy unfortunately the business founded that it is an erroneous decision hence change agreement. both(prenominal) the businesses resemble to each other in terms of leadership, vision, evaluates and some more than but generic requires strong learning curve and was considered different from the sum total business of operation.Mutual consensus during the initial phase angle The top caution thought that it was the right decision and forecasted that about 200-300 million tribe dwelling in India belongs to the middle class and will be liberation to determine the future of India. The key question remained that wherefore Eli Lilly gave more importance to India kinda than Russia or China where it could have further expanded and established its business presence. Moreover due to the lack of intellectual congruousty rights and patent protection in India, most of the products of Eli Lilly were being manufactured and sold illegally.It required strategic thinking to come up with a new-fashioned product which can grasp the attention of the major(ip)ity of the population. Furtherm ore most of the specialists and experts were unaware of the name therefore management decided to name the JV as Eli Lilly Ranbaxy JV which reflects the foreign taste. Most interesting fact revealed that both the businesses started from the scratch and worked for improving the infrastructure of the business where Ranbaxy helped the business whenever they were faced with some sort of issues. The group worked 24/7 and expanded the work stick with key professionals.It had a very limited budget therefore Eli Lilly splendidly operated on economies of scale and made the most from Ranbaxy distribution system. In the 1993, the business had more than 200 people working on systematically performing and expanding its real essence in India. It took assistance from one its attitude located in Geneva and established a creative recruiting theme in order to go over semipermanent employment relationship. Furthermore the business assured new sales graduates that they will be going to be promoted in the company and customized training programs were formulated in accordance with India.The business also unquestionable a Red Book and put up with its values of ethical code of conduct. They communicated both the cocksure and negative aspects of specific drugs and later on it helped them in building trust, faith and confidence of doctors in the company. Both the firms strictly focused on the JV and on building personal relationships with each other rather than indulging in conflicts or politics. Both the businesses specialized in their core business with an upward contemptible learning curve. Ranbaxy gained expertise in generic products and meanwhile Eli Lilly focused on innovation, creativity and discovery.The initial product that resulted through joint venture was human insulin but it faced major confrontations from formal institutions and government regulations and there were financial constraints as well. There were restrictive issues and Indian government imposed substanti al import duty. The government imposed price limitations and profits margin got shaken. Rather than opting for the localize strategy as it was choose by Glaxo and Pfizer, the business went for niche marketing. Furthermore it could not launch some of its most precious drugs in India because of the threats of unfortunate intellectual property rights.It requires huge production capacity whereas profit ratio was low. During the initial period Eli Lilly deployed its marketing capabilities around two major groups. The business added momentous value to one of the off-patented drugs and emphasize on two world-class drugs where barriers to entry were high. The JV surpassed break-even in the end of 1996 and started earning profit. Chief organizational changes During mid 1990s several changes were brought. It was one of the fastest growing organizations and a separate model was structured to instill stability.A proper SOP was formulated and the 50-50 partnership continued. Both sales and ma rketing functions were streamlined. The corporation hired McKinsey for management consultancy and identifies egress opportunities in India and showed consistency with the immense egress rate of 8% on annual basis. In order to transform into a major organization the business established a separate medical and regulatory function which operates in col perseveranceation with the government to assess and give approval for specific drugs and the consummate manufacturing process. The beginning of a new dimensionIt has been said that during 2001 the business outshined the overall Indian pharmaceutical industry growth rate. Some of the achievements are as follows Due to the JV Ranbaxy got famous worldwide and Eli Lilly established itself in India. It had a unique culture where employees of both the organizations never got cannibalized with each other. The growth rate further increase to 10% and major pharmaceutical corporations got further strengthened due to mergers and acquisitions. M ajor firms focused on more productive core businesses and divested non-core set of functions and operations. Eli Lilly achieved 12th position in the pharmaceutical industry however one its made drugs got off-patented in 2001 and it started working on its potential products. Major changes took place in India and China and the business came up with new strategies with proper evaluation and control system to overcome major issues. During the same period the management of Ranbaxy decided to transform into an international pharmaceutical company with the strong research-based platform. It went into JV with other firms in Canada, linked States and Ireland. Ranbaxy further considered China, Russia, United Kingdom and USA as major foreign markets.Due to quick amplification throughout the globe it faced financial issues and the business found sudden decline in its exchange flows and it started thinking for dissolving its JV with Eli Lilly. Ranbaxy considered itself as a global firm an d said that it has participated at its fulfilment to create value for Eli Lilly in India. The JV revealed that it has attained world-class sales management process. They further penetrated into valuable directions and key areas like diabetes, oncology, and expertise in clinical trials in accordance with international standards. Moreover the entire workforce performs with high caliber and confidence.Numerous changes in Ranbaxy after JV Ranbaxy (2010) instigated that the business experienced major changes after the JV and explored new market in different dimensions of NCS (new chemical entities) and NDDS (novel drug delivery system) mainly related to Urology, respiratory problems and formulated a plan for further expansion in developed countries specifically in UK and USA till 2012. It further went into mergers, acquisitions, JV and alliances in Brazil, China, South America, Germany, Spain, and Canada with MNCs like Bayer, Glaxo SmithKline, Ohm, Aventis and many more.It was success ful in establishing global presence. Some of the learning factors were as follows Major attempts were made to increase the productivity and the business came up with breakthrough advancements and minimized R&D cost. It brand image was further promoted when it introduced important drugs to make out against malaria. It achieved economies of scale and successfully produced effective drugs at low cost and developing economies could purchase them in an cheap manner. It remained adaptive to the industry pattern, invested heavily in R&D.It mostly got benefited due to low material and labor cost in India and patented several chemical compounds in developed countries. The business attained technological expertise, successful culture and further diversified into laboratory testing business and conducted clinical trials in Mumbai, Bangalore and many more. It established 2000 centers throughout South Asia. It further entered into service business and facilitated companies by testing a new product and provided approval for ingredients, manufacturing processes and the entire products. The business gained competitive edge in generic products. It was considered as the seventh largest growing corporation in the world. It gained expertise in distribution network, finance and different processes in the pharmaceutical industry. Q. 2 assesses the alternative options open to senior management on the future of the ELR IJV and recommend how you think they should proceed. Ans. substitute(a) Strategic options In order to further enhance the collaborative performance between both the companies, the top management came up with the strategic thinking option.The business must(prenominal) formulate a task force which can look inside the future direction. However it must include top management from both the firms rather than involving key personnel from the JV so that day-to-day operations can be performed. In this way important scenarios can be developed and implemented. More importa ntly it was assumed that Ranbaxy was going to divest its JV with Eli Lilly. It was also highlighted that Ranbaxy favored to sell-out the business and it will generate funds to further expand the portfolio of Ranbaxy but Eli Lilly considered it as a negative option.The business further decides to invest a lot in R&D. More importantly the expanding and research work will specifically focus on cancer, infectious diseases, diabetes and cardiovascular problems. The clinical trials will be further assisted by the ministry o health. More importantly the business might go public in the nearest future. Key Analyses Eli Lilly faced difficulties and barriers to entry while expanding in South Asia especially in India. It could not understand the culture, socio-economic factors, and political influences in the country.Despite of being cognise among the largest pharmaceutical companies in USA, it was considered as a mere business in India. Therefore the business opted for joint venture with any domestic company. Major Challenges There were numerous challenges being faced by the business The business has continuously faced intellectual property rights Eli Lilly faced lots of difficulties while establishing a confident(p) relationship with the government of India. Indian government imposed price limitations and heavy import duty was imposed. The R&D cost was increasing day by day Competition was getting intensive and more organizations were entering in the industry It took huge time for new product approval which further increased the development time India joined WTO and from 2005 onwards it further strengthened the patent protection rights specifically pertaining to pharmaceutical products and FDI (foreign direct investment) was also highly promoted. Gradually due to intensive competition and due to increase in number of major players in the pharmaceutical industry, the growth rate decreased and lots of mergers and acquisitions took place.During 2004-2005 it further implied down(p) control on patent protection. India flourished as an emerging economy which can greatly add value to pharmaceutical products. These all forced both the companies to reconsider the JV and individual strategies. Recommendation It seemed that both the sides looked for win situation. Eli Lilly tried to establish its authoritative style over Ranbaxy. The business focused in gaining its presence in India. On the other hand Ranbaxy purely focused on generating more profits and further expanding itself globally and becoming an international corporation.It seems that both were looking for their own benefits and they were not concerned about the other party. It seemed that Ranbaxy was more egotistical and wanted to undergo a transactional relationship with Eli Lilly for a certain period of time and decided to negate its agreements once reaching the pinnacle. In order to maintain mutual consent and undergo successful joint venture, several recommendations have been provided F irst of all both the parties must share the benefits and have the countenance to control different tasks. Rather than relying on core business the business must diversify into strategic areas and functions. The JV must counteract the shortening product life cycle due to advancement in technology and competition. It must transform threats in opportunities while destroying barriers and speeding-up the process of product introduction. The business strategy must be integrated with the corporate strategy to accomplish goals through shared values. There must be high commitment and cross-cultural understanding between both the parties. Eli Lilly must invest in establishing strict control due to poor intellectual rights.The formal institutions in India lack the concept of liberal program line and technological advancements. Therefore the business must set benchmark and promote sustainable development while contributing into technological advancements. Indian government has always ru led over MNCs and global corporations. If MNCs and global corporations opt for FDI then India impose the sanction that that the MNC must share 5030 ratio in profit. It is really difficult for international firms to enter into India and Eli Lilly requirement to compromise if they want to under-go market access in India.They need to invest in infrastructure and must contribute to the national exchequer in terms of tax. The business must emphasize on CSR and opt equal opportunity among both the genders and must respect the single of individuals. Successful joint venture results into long-term relationships. In order to transform into a successful long-term joint venture between two massive organizations they need to adapt to the above recommendations. Conclusion It can be concluded that it was not a holistic loom. Rather than a proactive approach it was a reactive approach.They had not adopted the principle centered paradigm. Nevertheless both the businesses performed successfully in their core business. Ranbaxy advanced itself in generic products and gained competitive advantage and Eli Lilly prospered in the direction of innovation, technological advancement and adopted vigilant strategic thinking scheme. In order to further transform in the long-term development both the businesses must aid each other, surface key issues, formulate effective solutions and come up strategic direction where both can perform and move hand in hand. References Sage Pulication. (2005).Negotiating and aim an Alliance. Retrieved July 18, 2010, from http//www. sagepub. com/upm-data/12290_Chapter_3. pdf Powered by Google Docs Ranbaxy. (2010). Ranbaxy World. Retrieved July 18, 2010, from http//docs. google. com/viewer? a=v&q=cacheNrn9UEPrl5AJwww. ranbaxy. com/annualreports/newsletter-2010-ranbaxy-world. pdf+assessing+alternatives+to+Eli+Lilly+Rabaxy+Joint+Venture&hl=en&gl=pk&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEEShyidoDL1vRW7be29h-Qph0U-59nuHIR-_IrhUW1sJ-ZyblNqb-AzBDUg27j4SU_J_GISMExbHLQN0D1HB5VQCBhlroF uaSFxVIojVhRQWLT8pFXWx9qHuMfbAa92fpncoQ7oO_&sig=AHIEtbTU-0Tw2vxYx8AwIHR4SjOtdhXgEA

Economic development in low income countries Essay

It is no secret that despite the breakthroughs in international economical dynamics, ontogeny is hitherto problematical to some of the worlds poorer countries. However, current trends indicate that some of these first-class honours degree income nations are actually faring often better than others. Countries like China, Vietnam, and India might be surface on their way to economic prosperity. The purpose of this paper is to identify the current aspects that affect economic progress and identify existing trends within those aspects.This paper gauges the aesthesia of low income countries to such trends. In particular, this paper discusses the aspects of globalization and study the parts that each of these aspects play in determining the economic fate of low income countries. In the continuing rise of globalization, lines that ingest previously detached nations are now being blurred. The advent of free swap a few decades passed has increased non only economic, but cultural interactions among countries worldwide.These developments preview a globalized perspective of the economy, where the concept of nation as an economic barrier because of tariffs and trade regulations may no longer apply. If we look at how low income countries fare in the light of a globalizing world market, in that respect are varied effects that can be observed. The inflow of multinational corporations into countries of the third world brought about by the prospect of more affordable labor boosts oeuvre place and strengthens these countries current economic standing.Countries like India, Vietnam, and the Philippines currently thrive on jobs provided by various outsourcing corporations from the join States and Europe. On the other hand, some countries tend to suffer trade abuse from countries with stronger markets when it comes to the lowering of trade barriers. Without trade barriers on foreign products, the local companies of poorer countries find it much harder to compete wit h their foreign counterparts. The larger companies obviously have greater capital and can afford to lower prices much more than local smaller companies.On the other hand despite the lowering of tariffs in the countries where larger companies are based, smaller companies from other countries who necessitate to enter into those markets still have a hard time. A good example of this can be seen in the case of China and the Philippines. Chinas booming economy exported goods worth over $18. 6 million into the Philippines in 2005 while the Philippines was only able to export $2. 3 million (Rogers, 2006). Clearly, smaller companies in the Philippines are sorely outclassed by Chinese capital and cheap labor.China has is in point making remarkable market headway in the international arena despite the prevailing low average income per annum of U. S. $2,040. With regards to direct investment, smaller companies yet find themselves outgunned once more by their larger competitors. check invest ment allows large companies to infiltrate chap labor markets where smaller companies operate. They are able to offer higher(prenominal) wages to workers from smaller companies owing largely to wide differences in capital which is boosted more by differences in foreign currencies.On the other hand, smaller companies neither have the ability nor the need to expand their workforce and operations into other countries. Foreign direct investment is not only useless to them, but it in any case creates an avenue for their workers to be pirated by larger foreign companies. whence it can be concluded that globalization is value neutral when it comes improving the economy of low income countries. Both India and the Philippines experienced long colonized triumph which resulted to staggering economies in both cases.Yet after their freedom from their respective conquerors, the economics as well as other aspects of advancement in either country took different turns. Economically, India lagged behind the Philippines for many old age proceeding World War II, but Indias investment in education eventually gainful off. The Indian government sets aside as much as 55% of the national budget for the development of basic and tertiary education from since 1968 (Basham, 2005). The Philippines also allocates considerable budget in education but rampant corruption in the country prevents any authentic development from occurring.As a result, the country fared systematically low in successive Trends in Mathematics and Science Studies examinations conducted in 1999 and 2004 (Basham, 2005). The trends brought about by education reflect the quality of labor that a country has to offer and consequentially, the strength of its economy. While outsourcing western companies still obtain services from the Philippines for their call centers and medical transcription needs, they go to India for specialized and technological professional services. Therefore it can be concluded that advances in education equate to advances in a countrys economy.It also holds true that countries that make considerable genuine investments in their education system develop a citizenry that fares relatively better in the international job market than countries who do not. In conclusion, there are indeed varying rates of economic development present in low income countries. These rates are partly dictated by trends in globalization and in education. It is imperative for less true countries to take heed of their neighboring countries actions and follow suit, or risk being left behind by a rapidly evolving world economy.

Villa Savoye

Constructed by Le Corbusier in 1929-31, the Villa Savoye, hotshot of the greatest masterpieces of modern computer architecture, has been widely contested on the part of its originality and its harmony to the practical significance requirements every expression should meet.Following the tradition of International expressive style (a major architectural style in the 1920s and 1930s, also known as a Modern movement, the modernistic style of uttermost minimalism), the Swiss architect Le Corbusier dreamed of breaking all architectural rules and principles (such as scope, tectonics, prossemic etc) and building simple, geometrically designed, unornamented, spacious houses as he called them, machines to be lived in (machines habiter).Of course, this outburst of the twentieth century architecture towards the organic mechanization and simplicity was numerously criticized for the lack of humanism (box-shaped building dehumanize and deprive people of their individuality, they say), yet Le Corbusiers (and other modern architects, such as Mies van der Rohe, Walter Gropius, Mart Stam, Hans Scharoun, as well) intention was suddenly humanistic to provide every man with a place to live in this constantly emergence world.Le Corbusier sought efficient ways to house large numbers of people in response to the urban housing crisis. He was a leader of the modernist movemnet to create better living condition and better ordering through housing concepts.But apart from the problem of efficency, many art historians prefer to look on his works, and peculiarly on the Villa Savoye, as on the works of art which provide many artistic effects and turn human perception with unexpected geometry. As a matter of item, Le Corbusier disproves Umberto Ekos functionalistic theory of architecture by costructing buildings to exceed all levels of expectation (as it is required from works of art). Many critics refer to his buildings as to the adjust masterpieces.William J. R. Curtis, for e xample, analyzing the elaborate shape of the Le Corbusiers building, compares the Villa with a Cubistic painting. While Mark Wigley pays much guardianship to the comment of the Villa Savoye his admiration of its glairing flannelness is unconcealed. So, lets take these two critics analyses into pieces in order to queue up out who sounds more(prenominal) convincing and whose point of view looks more original and advanced.William J. R. Curtis takes the most evident singularity of the Villa Savoye for analysis the shape. What he real notes is Le Corbusiers excellent ability to combine severe and breathtaking square horizontal forms with intricate curvatures and asymmetrical forms. This is the top formalistic skill, he claims.It is a well-known fact that Villa Savoye in Poissy is Le Corbusiers major work, associated to his cousin Pierre Jeanneret. In this construction he pioneered to specify the revolutionary five points for a modernistic architecture1. constructing buildings that stand on pilotis thus they should elevate the potentiometer from the ground. The loads are carried punctually and release the peripheral walls, allowing points 2), 3) and 4). Pilotti was one of the most favorite Le Corbusiers devices to free the lower levels for pedestrians.2. a free plan3. a free faade4. long horizontal windows running from one wall to another and outcropping the frontage. They allow generous chip ining on light and sun.5. a cover garden the terrace, build on the roof, totally resembles the garden. Curtis is free to operate almost all the principles, although he pays more attention to deconstructing the overall shape of the Villa Savoye. Thats why any principle he includes into the analysis serves to mess up this unordinary combination of forms and lines, which make the whole building opened toward the conversation with the outdoor atmosphere and the horizon undersurface it.It is sculpted and hollowed to allow the surroundings to enter it, and its form al energies radiate to the borders of the site and to the distant horizon, keenly observes William J.R. Curtis in his essay about the Villa. In fact, he uses many arguments to sound more convincing. For example, he speaks of the faade to be somewhat blank and forbidding in the whole picture of the counterbalance-level box that at first sight makes an whimsy of only horizontal lines predominance. While the faade is a simple key to open an elaborate asymmetry of the Villa, hidden in the other three sides one can rediscover the building from.The faade with its long horizontally placed ribbon of windows seems to be a difficult riddle that at first glance requires a simple answer (the Villa is incorrigibly symmetrical) but can be resolved only after taking a glance from the rear (its symmetry is upset by the curving volumes behind).Another argument the author refers to is the use of pilotis, which Le Corbusier favored so much. The cylindrical pilotis are actually the only vertical l ines of the building helpfully holding the bulky first-level box so that create an impression of hovering.Thus, Le Corbusier not only frees the low-level space for pedestrians but also breaks the architectural archetype of tectonics (in a common view such a thin pilotti cannot hold such a massive box). But it is the architects great achievement to be able to supply this broad machine to be lived in with an airy sense of lightness.Mark Wigley chooses another path to the Villa Savoye. Unlike William J.R. Curtis, who takes a get to the Villa and a walk around it so that grasp the overall expression, Wigley assesses the close picture of it, i.e. analyzing the colouring materialize of the building Le Corbusier preferred, having been influenced by the usual etiolatewash technique.For the design of the buildings themselves, Le Corbusier said that all buildings should be white by law and criticized any effort at ornamentation. What Wigley states in his essay is that the nature of whi te colour in LeCorbusiers houses is not as simple as only an echo of Mediterranean vernacular whitewash the Swiss archtect admired so much during his travel to the East at the end of 1910. His new found love of white is of a complex origin, Wigley claims. For example, he cites Le Corbusiers letter to his paladin William Ritter, in which the architect share his newly made discovery of white, as a proof for his guess.This cunning critic cannot accept the view that the reason for such a faithful love to the white colour is only a result of submission to the irresistable attraction of the Mediterranean. In fact, the architects hail to the universal status of white seems to be founded on a highly specific and idiosyncratic set of personal experiences and fantasies. Le Corbusiers choice of the white wall is motivated by synthesis earlier than by a simple influence.Thats why the phenomenon of white in modern architecture sure enough exceeds all the discourses (a collective idea of the white colour) and rests on the intimate emotional experiences of every architect that rediscovers the colour for him/herself.To some extent I really feel this personal modernistic view on white. I can feel the authors attitude towards the colour that obviously contradicts the common idea of white as a symbol of purity (yes, Le Corbusier was a purist architect, but only in cost of the usage of simple geometrical forms) and sanctity. His white is deprived of the collectivistic views and is rather a symbol of forefront blank page. Le Corbusier rubbed off the messages scripted by the previous cultures.

Managing Change in Organisations

Master of pargonntage Administration Assignment Programme Title University of Wales MBA (Project Management) educatee Full Name Raji Shakirudeen Damil atomic number 18 Student STU number STU32417 Student Email Address emailprotected com Module Name Managing Change in Organisations Word Count 4273 words complaisance Dead stemma 16 July, 2012 TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTERPAGE CHAPTERS CHAPTER 1 TASK 1 3 5 * Introduction3 * Nature and mountain range of Change3 * Major Drivers of Change4 CHAPTER 2 TASK 26 10 * Key Issues and Ch severally(prenominal) toldenges6 * Action cast 9 CHAPTER 3 TASK 311 14 * Change death penalty 11CHAPTER 4 Task 415 16 * Change success 15 * Conclusion 16 REFERENCES 17 CHAPTER 1 TASK 1 1. 00INTRODUCTION Background Operational wastes come with a circuit of address and it is generated in many forms within an practicable corpse. The intention of any profit fashioning organisation is to maximize customers values and yet minimize the waste. Aim and St ructure The appellation eachow for rate argonas that will be compelled by the derive surgery solicitude TPM as an return to the existing musical arrangement. It will analyse the key contents and benefits of TPM execution of instrument.It does withal seek to come forthline the scope of the replace, relations with key issues and providing actions intends victimization relevant moulds. The assignment will evaluate the smorgasbord baby-sits drill during the implementation phase, flier in milest wizs the multifariousness success and provide adequate feed plunk for on success save. 1. 10NATURE AND SCOPE OF CHANGE group meeting issue targets will not be enough any much to judge take coiffeance if records of customer complaints, rework or defects, everyplace work, all over processing, delayed arsenal, human and equipment segmentations, administrative delays caused by the bureaucratic setup and low-toned team spirit.Total performance commission TPM is an bel iefive performance pillar with nine key components that is designed to all in all re-engineer the scheme, integrate functions and take functional expertise into the value creation process. In particular, it is focused on backup frontline personnel and frontline exacters to eliminate operative waste that will guarantee the optimization of all manufacturing and achievement processes. The TPM pillar descriptors to be used be 1. Autonomous Maintenance This pillar aims to improve equipment reliability finished equipment c be. . Planned Maintenance This is a step by step process for improving facility criminal tending. 3. upbringing and Training This pillar enhances focused knowledge and capability building. 4. Focused Improvement This pillar provides a integrated method to identify and prevent troubles. 5. Early Management This pillar is directed towards the development, design and implementation of bare-assed techno lumbery and strategy that will cope with the future. 6. Qu ality Maintenance This pillar aims to bring in a system incapable of producing quality defects. . Office This pillar focuses on ensuring tilt and error free business processes. 8. asylum Health Environment This pillar aims to ensure elimination of unsafe behaviours and conditions. 9. tumble Factory This pillar focuses on LEAN Thinking particularally applied to enteristics circumspection. NCE Introduction (2009, pg 8) 1. 20MAJOR DRIVERS OF CHANGE Key drivers of transmit are listed and depict as follows Improved merchandise performance Production performance is greatly affected by unremitting auto and human breakdown.It will be necessary to implement a comprehensive shift management programme and strategic maintenance management system to improve the system. Re-engineered Inventory management Factory inventory tracking system has been poorly managed, therewith impacting on consumables and spare parts management. Maintenance management system is undermined or sometimes ignor ed as a outcome of poor inventory keep. Inventory management unavoidably to be re-structured to speed up the existing system processes, by providing an effectual system application tracking software that will eliminate the threat of delay and low productivity.Optimizing logistical management painful materials stock management continues to be affected by recently de fitries and poor stock management system. Production blueprints are disrupted, production volumes are not met and consumers are faced with products scarcity. Early management is demand and implementation of a comprehensive system application tracking software that will re-structure the logistical management system to cope with increasing activities. Minimised operational cost Defected products are separated during production and routine quality ceases.Products are also return from markets for quality reasons, thereby resulting to rework and reprocessing which will increase the operational cost of producing a prod uct more than ones. Total quality management strategy will be required at the shop floor. Customer delight Series of customer complaints buzz off been save on products defect, short counting, late delivery and products scarcity. Scarcity provides the advantage to competitors to fill the vacuum arrive atd by our ineffectiveness and poor operational management. food market growthMarket projection bemuse shown a steady 10 % annually increase, which means that the jibe business will be tripled in the next 10 years (MBS, 2009). This forecast has proven to be realistic and achievable from the growth trend record in the past ten years. NCE document (2009) Total performance management system will enhance manufacturing and production performance, positioning us for the future prospect. outperform in configuration Factorys existing quality, safety and environment system standards and guidelines are shortly managed independently.As these systems are interrelated, they will be integrat ed into a single management system. This will allow a simplified process for ossification, auditing and improved focus on the specific compliance aspects. Government policies moldiness be to the full adhered to enjoy an enabling environment and imbibe stovepipe practices within the organisation. Creating Competitive advantage articulation of the main drivers of change is the presence of a strong competitor that is working hard to take over the market. In the modern world of advanced technology, trade secrets cannot be the exclusively advantage that must be possessed.All competitive gaps that are created must be closed by ensuring availability of quality products to the market, delighting consumers at low-priced price. Improved marketing strategy will be appropriate. CHAPTER 2 TASK 2 2. 00KEY ISSUES AND CHALLENGES This chapter is expected to identify and define major issues and challenges that puzzle resulted to the generation of operational waste. The cause and effect analy sis (Fishbone plot) will be adopted to define the major problems, brainstorming will be achieved applying the affinity map that will process categorise related issues and identify the major causes of the problem through Pareto.Problem Definition Operational wastes have been preserve in so many forms across all major departments. Waste is not anymore modified to tangible and physical objects, further has spread deeply into key aspects of occasional operations. chastening to meet production target is a major waste, which can result to increasing production cost, products scarcity and quality issues hereby posing a huge risk to the system. Brainstorming What are the major causes of Operational waste that have been determine in the system?Collective ideas are highly needed at this coiffure of problem solving, where key players with common objective brainstorm and come up with pool of ideas or suggestion that could lead to the actual cause of operational waste. After a long bra instorming session and thorough investigation, the change management team have come up with list of realizable causes of operational waste generated from log sheets across the departments. The group contains different member from different school of thought, which have resulted to the initial generation of a large list of possible causes of the challenge.The list was streamlined at hit-or-miss and major possible causes where picked and listed in the table below System Failure need of operational knowledge Increased production cost Customer compliant Rework / Defects Production targets stroke dim quality management system Lack LEAN mindset despicable logistics management lamentable inventory management Ageing equipments Low production return & performance Raw material summercater Finished product late delivery Poor production output Manual operations Poor maintenance management system Less allegiance & Engagement Defected products Equipment Breakdowns Safety issues Poor com munication Poor mindset / Behaviour Network disruption & Failure patternure 2. 0. 01 Random selection of major problems The Affinity diagram will financial aid regroup and elucidate listed problems into related categories in the 6Ms format as illustrated below People Machinery Ageing Equipment Low production output Poor operational knowledge Less commitment Low production performance Safety issues Poor production output Poor communication Poor mindset / Behaviour Manual operation Equipment breakdown Material Raw material variation Rework / Defect SystemPoor logistics management Production target failure Late delivery of finished products Checks / Control Poor maintenance management Network disruption Weak quality management Increased production cost Process System failure Lack of LEAN mindset Defected / Rejected products Customer complaint Poor inventory management Figure 2. 0. 02 Affinity chart for Operational waste Identify major causes The problems illustrated in the affinity chart in figure 2. 1. 01, shows a list of possible causes of the problem, categorising them into key six major categories that could be the summary of the possible causes of the problem.The cause and effect diagram will provide a clearer picture and additional insight to further link the possible problems from respective sources showing the potential primary and aidary source of the problem, ground on the findings of the change team. The major problems have been intelligibly set and linked into various sources in a cause and effect diagram as shown in figure 2. 1. 02 below, it is imperative to analyse further the oftenness of occurrence of these problems utilise Pareto. The referring log sheet shows the rate of recurrence of some problems more than the other and clearly defines the effect on daily operations. Figure 2. 0. 03 Cause and Effect diagram for operational waste Figure 2. 0. 4 Pareto chart for operational waste Referring to the Pareto chart above in figure 2. 1. 03, i t shows clearly that low production output and production target failure have occurred more frequently than low production performance and others with same frequency of occurrence. The occurrence of most of the listed problems seem on the high side and needed to be treated as such, having recorded low incidence on problems like manual operation, raw material variation and network disruption which should not be underrated, has it is fake that most of the major problems recorded could have triggered them as remnants.This invariably indicates that when the bigger problems are completely resolved, it takes care of the ones with low occurrence. The machinery category is the highest contributor of the operational waste, ranging from the machine condition to operations, but seconded by the people category that have in actual sense contributed the largest character of the problems that have made the system unhealthy. Checks, system and process category have their own share in terms of occ urrence recorded, this makes it difficult to ignore any of the listed problems no matter how little, because it could develop to a compound and epidemic challenge that will take longer time to solve.Operational waste action plan brisk by Change management team. Summary Operational waste has been generated across the 6 categories of challenges recorded in the organisation, translating clearly the areas that require swift response to change and improvement. The problem solving techniques adopted have identified the root cause of the operational waste and the major area that requires concentration. It is imperative to prepare an action plan to tackle the listed challenges. Solution The main goal is to implement Total performance management TPM into all functions as the solution to operational waste. 2. 10ACTION PLAN Goals Measures Responsible Target DateTo provide a unique maintenance strategy (Autonomous and planned maintenance). Perform daily operational review at the shop floor, weekly operational review at the management level to track improvement and report achievements. Report weekly maintenance plan and execution. Measure line performance and efficiency against set target. OperationsOperationsManagement January, 2013January, 2013January, 2013 To lay more emphasis on personnel training and development. Get training feedback from trainees. Subject trainees to knowledge checks and exercises. Track personnel improvement against line performance. Use performance evaluation to appraise personnel. HR January, 2013 To improve in quality management system. go out in-line quality checks system. Record defects and investigate the root cause. Embark on monthly market visit. Record crapper sampling quality. Communicate quality status monthly. Quality assurance January, 2013 To be safety conscious at all time Commence SHE observation and report area weekly safety status. Perform random safety checks. Carryout monthly safety drill to check and re-communicate ke n. Operation / Management January, 2013 To introduce early management admission. Provide detailed template on early management programming. Provide feedback from early management plan and communicate the achievement on implementation. Management April, 2013 To implement LEAN thinking, system and mindset. Outline system layout in LEAN concept and map out areas according to compliance. Track awareness level in all cater. Check LEAN mindset considerateness in reporting and follow-up. Report cost saving from LEAN implementation. Operation / Management. July, 2013 To focus more on continuous improvement. List areas of continuous improvement, outline changes and business advantage. equate changes before and afterTrack improvement progress against global objectives. Operation / Management. November, 2013 Fig 2. 1. 01 Action plan for the implementation of TPM CHAPTER 3 TASK 3 3. 0 CHANGE IMPLEMENTATION Change implementation requires strategic and logical approach which can only be analysed using basic change management models that clearly describes the steps to effective implementation of change. The change implementation will be evaluated in more than one change management model to better outline the model that will be more effective to this particular change implementation. Kurt Lewin and John Kotter models of change management will be critically evaluated as the options for the implementation of TPM. The models will be compared to properly decide on the best option the managers can adopt during implementation.Kurt Lewin poseur Lewin (1951) baby-sit gives simpler overview of change implementation, although it is assumed that conditions exist because of competing forces that are in equilibrium. To effect any change, the force must be adjusted. Cited by F. Ashton Blog (2010) Change or Transitional Refreeze Unfreeze Lewin model comes in 3 submits namely unfreeze, change or transition and refreeze. The idea is focussed at the implementation of change in an organisation that is already accustomed to a particular mindset and ideology. Existing mindset, ideology, system, attitude and performance TPM in full integrated as a guide to excellent performance. Implementation of Total performance management Fig 3. 0. 1 Lewin Change model Kotter Model Kotters (1996) 8 steps model of change is a top down approach that provides a wider range for change implementation. This change model is linear and it predicts the change processes in steps that identify core areas that should never be neglected if a change where to be effective. Fig 3. 0. 02 Kotter Change model Source The Change Management Blog (2009) Model Comparison At the first stage of Lewins model of change, leadership comes up with the unfreeze strategy that will depart or disengage the existing system practices.It targets the root cause of the problem, by providing the best assumption using the force field analysis to factor out the pros and cons before considering implementation. U nfreezing is carried out at the leadership level, based on assumptions from the analysis. Unlike the first stage in Kotters model that clearly emphasise on the need to first establish a sense of urgency from top-down, by carrying along all members of staff from the inception of the change implementation, sharing with them the reason change is necessary at the time and also help to identify the protagonist and antagonist to the change. Although the force field analysis applied in unfreezing stage also consider the driving and refraining force for the change, but it is clearly based on assumptions.The Kotters model starts change communication from the first step of implementation, where preliminary information have been provided for all to brainstorm about, not streamlining it only to the leadership. The second step is aimed at constituting a powerful coalition that will form the formidable, experienced and result focussed change management team. Rather, in Lewins model change managem ent team are selected are at earlier stage based on managements decision. Creating a fancy for change is the third step in Kotters model, where all the ideas, thoughts and brainstorming that have been collected by the change management team are streamlined and integrated into companys objectives and vision. Perhaps no idea is foolish and the collective enquiry to solve major issues gives employee the sense of ownership and esponsibility towards achieving the collective goal. Lewins model distorts an existing system with the intention of introducing or improving a system. This idea and vision comes from the management, who have practically analysed the major problems based on their experiences and knowledge of the companys objectives. The transition stage, which is Lewins second stage for change modelling provides the actual implementation of change. This stage is the roll out phase of change to all employees official launching. This stage seems to be the hardest as the existing ide ology, mindset and processes are liquefy either to extinguish or modify to a bran-new system.The fear of the unknown and resistance may be recorded. That is why Kotter and Lewin emphasise more on communication at this stage. Communication becomes the tools for change campaign. At this stage continuous training and coaching is very key to acceptability and embrace. Kotter identifies communication as a day to day affair and ensuring that antagonist are converted and the supporters are maintained and developed to live the change. Lewins transition stage encompasses communication in all forms. Perhaps might take more time than anticipated to achieve the level of acceptance needed, it requires consistent coaching and training to get the buy-in of all employees.Kotter insist that after communication have been initiated, though it is a continuous process but will definitely meet some deadlocks, ranging from the unacceptability, fear of the unknown, structures that do not support the cha nge and the vision. The fifth stage identifies the major deadlocks and provides the honorable approach to solving them. Lewins transitional stage give a lot of room for neglect of some major deadlock identification, hereby living some elements like virus behind, that could develop to catastrophe in the future or even hinder this change process. Lewins closing curtain stage is the refreezing stage, stability establishment is the main objective once the change has been effected and accepted as part and parcel of the system. The intention is to strengthen and reinforce the change implementation, allowing for full integration by all functions.The new change is freeze and continues to monitor progress of implementation, bearing in mind that change will be continuous and can never be permanent. Theoretically, Lewin target the adjustment of the force field to adequately buy-in employees to acceptance and embrace of the change. The change is integrated into the companys structure and sys tem and refreezes as the new outlook of the organisation. Part of the reason the Lewins model could take more time to be fully integrated is the lack of comprehensive practical application that influence acceptance. It is important to target a feedback appliance that will encourage a swift change embrace.Kotters sixth step encourages the need to create a short-term wins that will motivate employees further. Employees deserve first hand information on the benefits recorded so far to elevate their confidence and also management to gain more support from all. The best way is to set milestones where employees achievements can be celebrated and recognised. Kotter believes in continuous improvement, that is his main model in the seventh step. Change cannot be cast on stone that will not require further improvement it requires building upon to achieve maximum effectiveness. The short-term win has various advantages, part of it is the opportunity to see other areas that need improvements a nd explore other options to achieving set objectives.Lewins refreeze does not show the required detail to record areas of further improvement, because the mindset of the employee already fixed on the refreeze syndrome. Managers should consider the Kotters model as it also adopts the concept of refreezing, but in a different manner. He believes that when change is cleave completely into the system, it should become parts and parcel of the organisation, like a revised constitution that have been adopted, but requires further improvements. It re-emphasises the need to continuously maintain the support of the management and all employees to avoid falling back to the initial problem. TASK 4 CHAPTER 4 4. 00 CHANGE SUCCESSTo assess change management effectiveness, leadership needs to focus on measuring the progress of the change implemented to ensure they are moving on the right direction. To achieve this effective implementation, milestones and measure are required to effectively measure the progress and performance of the change. The performance measures are categorised in 7 stages namely 1. Internal Performance Assessment. When change is assumed to be completely implemented, the organisation needs to be certain of these assumptions. The reason they involve an independent midland audit team to track change implementation progress, using the qualitative and quantitative monitoring approach in determining the level of compliance.Employee change appraisal survey is forwarded to all functions to get the right feedbacks. undivided functions will be audited and informed of areas that still require more attention, compliance and improvements. At this stage, the organisation is certain of the level of compliance and areas that requires more concentration before the pre- perspicacity and full assessment that will be carried out by external auditors. This usually takes about 3 months before pre-assessment. 2. Performance Assessment. It is important that a pre-assessment is through with(p) after the first nine month of change implementation to effectively measure the level of compliance and adherence to the new change.The outcome of each pre-assessment must define the status of the change as to what the goals are , where we are now and where we are going. The pre-assessment must also measure individual progress using a five-level commitment scale to monitor the commitment level of employees during implementation and then choose specific strategies to help individuals progress through the five levels. Level 1 Awareness Measure the level of awareness in all functions. Level 2 Acceptance Measure level of acceptance. Level 3 screening Measure skill level of employees. Level 4 Adoption Measure level of adoption and reflection in employees daily activity. Level 5 Advocacy Share and accept feedback amongst employees.The full assessment (gate opening) will be done six month after pre-assessment certification and correction of other identified areas of imp rovement and a yearly post-assessment will also be carried out. 3. Perform Customer Satisfaction look back This is the next step of assessment performance provide a gauging mechanism to monitor customer contentment as a tool to benchmark with acclaimed internal operational success. Feedback is vital from the customers and are closely monitored, recorded and acted upon immediately. This is a continuous exercise. 4. Measure the Volume of Defects We cannot hide from the fact that perfection is nearly impossible, but we must put measures in place to track and check level of amount of rework or defected recorded compare difference with the previous system.System must be in place to ensure that defects are be recorded as they occur and subjected to root cause analysis to check if we still maintain difference problems and follow is the rectification. Key performance indicator KPI is to see reducing trend in the volume of defects generated over a period of time, showing the percentage of improvement. 5. Measure the Volume of Failed Changes When measuring success rate of changes cosmos implemented, we must be able to define what is and what is not a successful change, and the criteria being used for each definition. SMART (specific, measurable, achievable, relevant and timely) criteria must be in place where changes are reviewed for success.The KPI is to see the level of compliance increasing, showing the percentage of improvement. 6. Measure the Services Performance Service performance is wide to measure in one piece, so functions shall have a different KPI to measure their performances which is then cascaded to the organisation. Internal and external auditors perform assessment exercise to check impact on indicators, compliance and adherence to the operational documents. 7. Calculate the devolve on Investment The main purpose for the implementation of Total performance management is to delight our customers, create competitive advantage and enhance operational p erformance. The change implementation comes with cost and it must also buzz off remarkable financial benefits.We must measure and record the saving generated across all functions. Source Mark, S (2008, pp 2-8) 4. 01 CONCLUSION To reduce operational waste to an acceptable state, the introduction of Total performance management is the solution. We have defined the major causes and the possible solution to be implemented. Solution comes with measures and deadlines, if achieved will provide the positive benefit that is targeted. The benefits from change implementation are targeted to continuously meet companys objectives in delighting customers satisfaction, creating competitive advantage and compliance. The objective is to maximise profit at the best minimum cost.Measure, milestone and deadlines are in place, which are guided by the application of renowned change management models to ensure the right approach to introducing a new change conforms to the companys culture and objectives. Effective application of the control and monitoring mechanism to track effective transition as illustrated in change measures have enabled the changes to be effective. We have tracked and recorded minor deficiencies which are a result at the acceptance stage of TPM have since been resolved. Positive feedbacks received from customers and remarkable records of decreased customer complaints, because of the new quality management check in-house that has guided quality production output. REFERENCES Woolnough, M. , 2009. Glossary for Nestle continuous excellence NCE document, Nigeria Pg 2 3 Ashton, F. , 2010. Lewin Model (K. Lewin, 1951). open from http//www. ashtonfourie. com Blog (Accessed 6 July 2012) Kotter, J. , 1996. Leading Change. Available from http//www. mindtools. com (Accessed 6 July 2012) Mark, S. , 2008. Measuring success- Ideas on how to show that real benefits are being delivered, Fox IT, Pg 2 8 Holger, N. , 2009. Change Model 3 John Kotters 8 stairs of Leading Change. Available from http//www. change-management-blog. com (Accessed 13 July 2012) Lewin Model. Available from http//www. change-management-coach. com. 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